Highlights
What GAO Found
As of December 31, 2017, 19 federal agencies had entered into contracts and obligated over $5.6 billion on those contracts to support efforts related to Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria. The Department of Homeland Security, including the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and Department of Defense components, including the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, accounted for approximately 97 percent of those obligations. (See figure below for top contracting agencies.)
Contract Obligations by Top 10 Contracting Agencies, in Support of Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria, through December 31, 2017
Federal agencies have obligated more than $2 billion for products, such as food, water, and shelter, and about $3.6 billion for services, such as power restoration.
The rate of competition for federal contracts was higher in the immediate aftermath of the three recent hurricanes GAO examined than for Hurricane Katrina during the same time period. Federal agencies are generally required to award contracts based on full and open competition. However, an agency may award a contract noncompetitively when the need for goods and/or services is urgent—as in the case of a natural disaster. GAO found, for the three hurricanes:
- the percentage of total obligations reported under competitive contracts was 73 percent as of December 31, 2017; and
- the percentage of contracts awarded competitively within the first 90 days after each hurricane's landfall was approximately 74 percent—an improvement compared to the first 90 days after Hurricane Katrina’s landfall, when the competition rate for contracts was about 53 percent.
Why GAO Did This Study
The 2017 hurricane season affected approximately 25.8 million people and caused an estimated $265 billion dollars in damages, according to FEMA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
GAO was asked to review federal contracting activity to support the work of FEMA and other federal agencies related to the response to the 2017 hurricanes. This is the first report in a series of GAO reports on this issue. This report provides an overview of contract obligations as of December 31, 2017, for three major hurricanes—Harvey, Irma, and Maria. Future reports on this subject will focus on the planning, execution, and monitoring of federally awarded contracts.
GAO analyzed data from the Federal Procurement Data System-Next Generation through December 31, 2017; met with officials at the headquarters of FEMA and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; and met with federal officials at the Joint Field Offices—multiagency coordination centers established by FEMA—in Austin, Texas (Harvey), Orlando, Florida (Irma), San Juan, Puerto Rico (Irma and Maria), and St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands (Irma and Maria).
What GAO Recommends
GAO is not making any recommendations in this report.
Introduction
February 28, 2018
Congressional Requesters
The 2017 hurricane season affected approximately 25.8 million people, or nearly 8 percent of the United States population, according to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has estimated the total cost of the three major 2017 hurricanes to be approximately $265 billion, placing them among the top five costliest hurricanes on record in the United States along with Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy. In September 2015, we found that contracts play a key role in immediate disaster response and the longer-term community recovery.[1] Following the 2017 hurricane season, federal agencies continue to contract for essential products, such as food, water, and temporary housing for displaced residents and services such as power line restoration.
You asked us to review the federal government’s response to the 2017 hurricanes, specifically in terms of the extent of federal contracting activity to support the efforts of FEMA and other federal agencies. This is our first report in response to your request and we will issue additional future products focused on planning, execution, and monitoring of federally awarded contracts. In this report, we provide an overview of contract obligations through the end of calendar year 2017 for Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria—the three major hurricanes to make landfall in the United States during the season.[2] In addition, GAO is conducting a broader body of work covering various disaster response and recovery issues and will be reporting on those issues in the coming months.
To conduct this work, we used data from the Federal Procurement Data System-Next Generation (FPDS-NG) through December 31, 2017, to determine the federal departments and agencies with the most contract obligations for each storm,[3] the types of products and services procured, and rates of competition.[4] We met with federal officials at the Joint Field Offices in Austin, Texas (Harvey); Orlando, Florida (Irma); San Juan, Puerto Rico (Irma and Maria); and St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands (Irma and Maria). Joint Field Offices are temporary multiagency coordination centers—housing federal, state, local, tribal, nongovernmental, and private sector organizations—established locally by FEMA to facilitate field-level domestic incident management activities related to prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. We also met with officials at FEMA’s headquarters and at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ (the Corps) headquarters, who provided additional information on federal contracting activity in response to the 2017 hurricane season.
We assessed the reliability of FPDS-NG data by reviewing existing information about the FPDS-NG system and the data it collects—specifically, the data dictionary and data validation rules—and performed electronic testing. We determined the FPDS-NG data were sufficiently reliable for the purposes of this report.
We conducted this performance audit from August 2017 to February 2018 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives.
Background
The 2017 Hurricane Season
Three major hurricanes made historic landfalls in the United States in 2017. Hurricanes Harvey and Irma marked the first time two Atlantic Category 4 hurricanes hit the continental United States during the same season, and Hurricane Maria was the first Category 4 hurricane to make landfall on the main island of Puerto Rico in 85 years.[5] See figure 1 for a timeline of these events.
Figure 1: Timeline and Category Levels of 2017 Major Hurricanes
Overview of Federal Disaster Response and Recovery
When hurricanes hit, state and local entities are typically responsible for disaster response efforts, but the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act) establishes a process by which a state may request a presidential disaster declaration to obtain federal assistance.[6] According to the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) National Response Framework—a guide to how the federal government, states and localities, and other public and private sector institutions should respond to disasters and emergencies—the Secretary of Homeland Security is responsible for ensuring that overall federal preparedness actions are coordinated to prevent gaps in the federal government’s efforts to respond to all hazards, including hurricanes.
The National Response Framework identifies 14 emergency support functions that serve as the federal government’s primary coordinating structure for building, sustaining, and delivering disaster response efforts across more than 30 federal agencies. Each function defines specific functional areas—such as communication, transportation, and energy—and designates a federal department or agency as the coordinating agency. For example, provision of assets and services related to public works and engineering, such as temporary roofing or power, are coordinated by the Corps, a component of the Department of Defense (DOD). The framework also designates FEMA, a component of DHS, to lead the coordination of the federal disaster response efforts across 30 federal agencies.
FEMA coordinates disaster response efforts through mission assignments—work orders it issues that direct another federal agency to utilize its authorities and the resources granted to it under federal law. Mission assignments are authorized by the Stafford Act and might consist of federal operations support or direct federal assistance.
- Federal operations support includes technical, operational, and logistical support to another federal agency in anticipation of, or in response to, a presidential declaration.
- Direct federal assistance includes the provision of goods and services, such as medical services and temporary power equipment, to affected state and local jurisdictions, following a presidential declaration and upon request from a state, local, tribal or territorial government for federal assistance. This assistance can come in the form of federal contracts.
This report focuses on federal contracts. The report does not include contracts awarded by state and local entities in response to the hurricanes, such as debris removal contracts, which may be eligible for reimbursement through federal disaster assistance grant programs. FEMA resources in support of a disaster may also be provided through interagency agreements, grants, or memorandums of agreement/understanding; however, this report does not include these alternative forms of assistance.
Major Finding
IN THIS SECTION
Observations on Contract Obligations for the 2017 Hurricanes
Historically, federal contracts comprise a notable share of federal expenditures for hurricane response. It can take years to fully account for federal contract obligations resulting from a hurricane. For example, federal agencies are still making contract obligations as part of the recovery efforts as far back as Hurricanes Sandy and Katrina, which occurred in 2012 and 2005, respectively. Early estimates for the 2017 hurricanes already place them among the most expensive hurricanes in terms of federal contract obligations since 2005, when FPDS-NG began tracking information by hurricane. For example, within the first 90 days after its landfall, obligations for Hurricane Maria surpassed total obligations for Hurricane Sandy—$3.38 billion compared to $3.08 billion. See figure 2.
Figure 2: Obligations in the First 90 Days Post Landfall and as of December 31, 2017 for the Top Eight Hurricane Events by Contract Obligations (in constant calendar year 2017 dollars)
As of December 31, 2017, 19 federal departments had obligated over $5.6 billion for contracts in support of the response and recovery efforts for Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria.[7] So far, DHS and DOD account for approximately 97 percent of total contract obligations across 19 federal departments. Figure 3 provides details on the top 10 contracting agencies’ contract obligations in support of the three hurricanes.
Figure 3: Contract Obligations by Top 10 Contracting Agencies in Support of Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria, through December 31, 2017
Federal agencies procured a variety of products and services through contracts in response to the hurricanes, largely for essential life sustaining products and services, such as food, water, power, and lodging for survivors. Agencies obligated more than $2 billion for products and about $3.6 billion for services. Figure 4 outlines the top 10 products across the three hurricanes, which account for about 80 percent of all contract obligations for products. For example, FEMA and other agencies obligated more than $768 million for food and beverages and about $279 million for prefabricated buildings, such as manufactured housing units to provide lodging. FEMA also obligated about $150 million for transport vessels, such as passenger ships to house survivors and first responders, as well as cargo vessels to ship essential supplies to Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
Figure 4: Top 10 Products in Terms of Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria Combined through December 31, 2017, and Proportion of Obligations by Agency
The top 10 services account for more than three quarters of all obligations made to provide services in response to the three hurricanes, as shown in figure 5. For example, the Corps obligated over $1 billion to support its power restoration mission and the repair of damaged buildings through contracts for utilities, repair or alteration, engineering, installation, and construction service contracts. FEMA obligated nearly $374 million for inspection services, such as housing inspections as part of its individual assistance program. This program provides funds to hurricane survivors The top 10 services account for more than three quarters of all obligations made to provide services in response to the three hurricanes, as shown in figure 5. For example, the Corps obligated over $1 billion to support its power restoration mission and the repair of damaged buildings through contracts for utilities, repair or alteration, engineering, installation, and construction service contracts. FEMA obligated nearly $374 million for inspection services, such as housing inspections as part of its individual assistance program. This program provides funds to hurricane survivors to repair or rebuild their homes, among other things. In addition, agencies procured professional support services, such as support for FEMA’s housing and feeding missions in the affected areas.
Figure 5: Top 10 Services in Terms of Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria Combined through December 31, 2017, and Proportion of Obligations by Agency
Contracting for disaster relief and recovery efforts presents unique circumstances in which to solicit, award, and administer contracts. Under the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), agencies are generally required to use full and open competition when soliciting offers and awarding contracts; however, an agency may award a contract noncompetitively when the need for goods and/or services is of such an unusual and compelling urgency that the federal government faces the risk of serious financial or other type of injury.[8] Across all three hurricanes, we found that the competition rate—the percentage of total obligations reported under competitive contracts—was 73 percent, as shown in figure 6.
Figure 6: Extent of Competition in Support of Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria through December 31, 2017
In addition to provisions in the FAR, the Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006 (PKEMRA),[9] which addressed various shortcomings identified in the preparation for and response to Hurricane Katrina, included provisions related to contracting.[10] One of these provisions requires DHS to promulgate regulations restricting the time period for certain disaster support contracts awarded on an urgent basis. Competition rates for contracts awarded within the first 90 days of landfall were higher for the 2017 hurricanes than for those contracts awarded in support of Hurricane Katrina during the same period—approximately 74 percent versus about 53 percent of obligations. While it is too soon to tell what drivers might be behind this increase in competition rates, we will continue to examine issues related to competition in our future work.
PKEMRA also required that FEMA identify and establish contracts prior to a disaster for goods and services that are typically needed during a disaster response—known as “advance” or “pre-positioned” contracts.
FEMA reported that it had an inventory of 77 advance contracts, which could be used to respond to disasters such as the recent hurricanes.[11] As of December 31, 2017, FEMA reported that it obligated about $2.3 billion on 57 of its advance contracts—$890 million for Harvey, $459 million for Irma, and $945 million for Maria. Some of the commonly acquired products and services under these advance contracts are professional support services; architect and engineering services; inspection services; prefabricated buildings; and food.
In addition to FEMA, Corps officials reported that they, too, award advance contracts as a preparedness measure as part of their Advance Contracting Initiative. Corps officials reported that the agency maintains an inventory of 28 advance contracts, of which 13 were used to support emergency response mission assignments for the 2017 hurricanes. In response to the 2017 hurricanes, the Corps reported that it obligated approximately $449 million across these contracts to provide $196 million for temporary power, $139 million for temporary roofing, and $114 million for debris removal. Response to Hurricane Maria comprised approximately 92 percent of the Corps obligations on advance contracts across all three hurricanes in 2017. Our future work will assess FEMA’s and the Corps’ advance contracting efforts.
Each of these storms hit different geographic locations and caused varying degrees of destruction, from flooding and wind damage to massive power outages. As such, the federal response looked different across the impacted areas, which the contracting data confirms. Appendix I provides contracting details specific to each hurricane.
Agency Comments and Our Evaluation
We provided a draft of this report to FEMA and DOD for review and comment. FEMA did not provide comments. DOD provided technical comments, which we incorporated as appropriate.
We are sending copies of this report to appropriate congressional committees, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Secretary of Defense, and other interested parties. In addition, the report will be available at no charge on the GAO website at http://www.gao.gov.
If you or your staff have any questions concerning this report, please contact me at (202) 512-4841 or by email at makm@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made key contributions to this report are listed in appendix II.
Marie A. Mak, Director, Contracting and National Security Acquisitions
Congressional Addressees
Chairman
The Honorable Claire C. McCaskill
Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
United States Senate
The Honorable Trey Gowdy
Chairman
The Honorable Elijah E. Cummings
Ranking Member
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform
House of Representatives
The Honorable Gary Palmer
Chairman
Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Affairs
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform
House of Representatives
The Honorable Blake Farenthold
Chairman
Subcommittee on Interior, Energy, and Environment
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform
House of Representatives
Appendixes
IN THIS SECTION
Appendix I: Observations on Federal Contracting for Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria
This appendix presents observations on federal contracting activity for each of the three hurricanes: Harvey, Irma, and Maria. Each of these observations is two pages and presents information current as of December 31, 2017. These two page summaries include an image provided by GAO from the affected areas, background information on each hurricane and its impact, contract obligation information, and information on advance contracts and contract competition rates. Each observation also includes the following figures:
- Agency Contract Obligations.
- Top 5 Products in Terms of Contract Obligations through December 31, 2017, and Proportion of Obligations by Agency.
- Top 5 Services in Terms of Contract Obligations through December 31, 2017, and Proportion of Obligations by Agency.
Hurricane Harvey: Observations on Federal Contracting for Response and Recovery Efforts
Background
Event
Hurricane Harvey made landfall in southeastern Texas on August 25, 2017, as a Category 4 Hurricane.
The hurricane moved inland and stalled, setting a new record for the most rainfall from a U.S. tropical cyclone, with more than 50 inches of rain in some areas.
Impacts
The storm resulted in catastrophic flooding in Texas and western Louisiana. Within 90 days of the storm hitting Texas, more than $10 billion in state and federal resources had been dedicated to recovery efforts. Given the widespread flooding following Harvey, inspectors conducted more than 580,000 inspections of storm-damaged homes during this same timeframe.
Advance Contracts
To facilitate a faster response, FEMA and the Corps identify goods and services that are typically needed for disaster response and establish contracts for them—known as advance contracts—prior to the disasters. In response to Hurricane Harvey, FEMA has reported obligations through its advance contracts of approximately $890 million, as of December 31, 2017, of which more than $270 million was for temporary housing. In addition, the Corps reported total obligations in response to Hurricane Harvey on its advance contracts of approximately $7 million, consisting almost entirely of obligations for temporary power, such as generators.
Competition
The competition rate—the percentage of total obligations reported under competitive contracts—for contracts in response to Hurricane Harvey was 84 percent as of December 31, 2017.
Contract Obligations for Hurricane Harvey
As of December 31, 2017, federal agencies obligated about $1.2 billion on contracts to support response and recovery efforts related to Hurricane Harvey. Contract obligations by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)—within the Department of Homeland Security—represent approximately 80 percent of all contract obligations associated with Hurricane Harvey. Contracts awarded by three agencies within the Department of Defense—the Defense Logistics Agency, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (the Corps), and the Navy—comprise approximately 14 percent of all contract obligations associated with Hurricane Harvey. See figure 8.
Figure 8: The Departments of Homeland Security (DHS) and Defense (DOD) Account for the Majority of Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricane Harvey
Contract obligations were about evenly split for Hurricane Harvey between products and services. Federal agencies obligated about $605 million on contracts for products, nearly half of which, over $302 million, was for procurement of prefabricated housing units and trailers to provide temporary housing to survivors. Agencies obligated over $164 million on food for survivors. See figure 9.
Figure 9: Top 5 Products in Terms of Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricane Harvey through December 31, 2017, and Proportion of Obligations by Agency
In total, federal agencies obligated about $624 million for services related to Hurricane Harvey, including approximately $138 million for medical services, about $117 million for architect and engineering services, and nearly $66 million for professional support services, such as support for FEMA’s housing mission in the affected areas, and data collection, such as FEMA call center agents. See figure 10.
Figure 10: Top 5 Services in Terms of Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricane Harvey through December 31, 2017, and Proportion of Obligations by Agency
Hurricane Irma: Observations on Federal Contracting for Response and Recovery Efforts
Background
Event
Hurricane Irma made landfall in the U.S. Virgin Islands on September 6, 2017, as a Category 5 hurricane and then on September 10, 2017, in the Florida Keys as a Category 4 and southwestern Florida as a Category 3 hurricane.
Hurricane Irma became the strongest Atlantic Ocean hurricane on record, with peak winds of 185 miles per hour. It remained a hurricane for 11 days, the lengthiest Atlantic hurricane since 2004.
Impacts
The storm affected the U.S. Virgin Islands, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. The storm winds resulted in widespread power outages and extensive household and vegetative debris.
Advance Contracts
To facilitate a faster response, FEMA and the Corps identify goods and services that are typically needed for disaster response and establish contracts for them—known as advance contracts—prior to the disasters. In response to Hurricane Irma, FEMA reported obligations through its advance contracts of approximately $459 million, as of December 31, 2017, largely for services, such as inspections of damaged buildings. In addition, the Corps reported obligations in response to Hurricane Irma on its advance contracts of approximately $12 million for temporary power, $18 million for temporary roofing, and $468,000 for debris removal as of December 31, 2017.
Competition
The competition rate—the percentage of total obligations reported under competitive contracts—for contracts in response to Hurricane Irma was 81 percent as of December 31, 2017.
Contract Obligations for Hurricane Irma
As of December 31, 2017, federal agencies obligated about $964 million on contracts to support response and recovery efforts related to Hurricane Irma. Contract obligations by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)—within the Department of Homeland Security—represent almost three quarters of all contract obligations associated with Hurricane Irma. Contracts awarded by three agencies within the Department of Defense—the Defense Logistics Agency, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (the Corps), and the Navy—comprise approximately 18 percent of all contract obligations associated with Hurricane Irma. See figure 12.
Figure 12: The Departments of Homeland Security (DHS) and Defense (DOD) Account for the Majority of Agency Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricane Irma
Federal agencies obligated over $234 million on contracts for products, almost one-quarter of total obligations for Irma. Of this amount, over $75 million was obligated across multiple agencies to procure food and beverages for survivors. FEMA obligated approximately $63 million for ship and marine equipment and transport vessels, such as passenger ships to house survivors and first responders in the U.S. Virgin Islands. See figure 13.
Figure 13: Top 5 Products in Terms of Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricane Irma through December 31, 2017, and Proportion of Obligations by Agency
Federal agencies obligated more than $729 million on service contracts, or three quarters of all contract obligations for Irma. For example, FEMA obligated approximately $144 million for inspection services, such as housing inspections for FEMA’s individual assistance program. Together, FEMA and other agencies obligated about $159 million through architecture and engineering services and repair and alteration services to support the repair and restoration of disaster-damaged facilities. FEMA and other agencies also obligated about $164 million for data collection and support servcies, such as contractor support for FEMA’s housing mission in the affected areas and data collection, such as FEMA call center agents. See figure 14.
Figure 14: Top 5 Services in Terms of Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricane Irma through December 31, 2017, and Proportion of Obligations by Agency
Hurricane Maria: Observations on Federal Contracting for Response and Recovery Efforts
Background
Event
Hurricane Maria made landfall in the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico on September 20, 2017, as a Category 5 and Category 4 hurricane respectively.
U.S. Virgin Islands
Hurricane Maria was the second Category 5 hurricane to hit the U.S. Virgin Islands in a 2-week period, following the early September Hurricane Irma landfall.
Puerto Rico
Hurricane Maria was the first Category 4 hurricane to make landfall on the main island of the U.S. territory in 85 years.
Impacts
The response following Hurricane Maria on Puerto Rico became the longest sustained air mission of food and water in FEMA history. Hurricane Maria also wiped out the power grid in Puerto Rico and St. Croix, resulting in power outages across the islands that have continued months after the storm.
Advance Contracts
To facilitate a faster response, FEMA and the Corps identify goods and services that are typically needed for disaster response and establish contracts for them—known as advance contracts—prior to the disasters. In response to Hurricane Maria FEMA reported obligations through its advance contracts of approximately $945 million, as of December 31, 2017, including more than $200 million for inspection services. In addition, the Corps reported obligations in response to Hurricane Maria on its advance contracts of $411 million, as of December 31, 2017, including approximately $177 million for temporary power, $121 million for temporary roofing, and $113 million for debris removal.
Competition
The competition rate—the percentage of total obligations reported under competitive contracts—for contracts in response to Hurricane Maria was 67 percent as of December 31, 2017
Contract Obligations for Hurricane Maria
As of December 31, 2017, federal agencies obligated nearly $3.5 billion on contracts to support response and recovery efforts related to Hurricane Maria. Contracts awarded by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (the Corps)—within the Department of Defense (DOD)—account for nearly half of all contract obligations associated with Hurricane Maria. Contract obligations by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)—within the Department of Homeland Security—represent approximately 43 percent of all contract obligations associated with Hurricane Maria. See figure 16.
Figure 16: The Departments of Homeland Security (DHS) and Defense (DOD) Account for the Majority of Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricane Maria
Federal agencies obligated more than $1.2 billion on contracts for products. Of this amount, FEMA and other agencies obligated over $272 million for beverages, such as drinking water, about 23 percent of all obligations for products. The Corps obligated about $200 million for supplies to support the power restoration mission and the Defense Logistics Agency—within DOD—obligated approximately $127 million for construction materials. FEMA obligated approximately $126 million for transport vessels, such as passenger ships to house survivors and first responders, as well as for cargo vessels to transport supplies. See figure 17.
Figure 17: Top 5 Products in Terms of Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricane Maria through December 31, 2017, and Proportion of Obligations by Agency
Service contracts represent about $2.3 billion, or about 65 percent of all contract obligations for Maria, including almost $1.2 billion obligated by the Corps to support its power restoration mission through contracts for utility, repair or alteration, and installation services. FEMA obligated nearly $215 million for inspection services, such as home inspections for individuals applying for FEMA assistance. Agencies obligated about $164 million for professional support services, such as those supporting FEMA’s housing and feeding missions, see figure 18.
Figure 18: Top 5 Services in Terms of Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricane Maria through December 31, 2017, and Proportion of Obligations by Agency
Appendix II: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgements
GAO Contact
Marie A. Mak, (202) 512-4841 or MakM@gao.gov
Staff Acknowledgements
In addition to the contact named above, Katherine Trimble (Assistant Director); Caryn E. Kuebler (Analyst in Charge); Aditi S. Archer; Emily Bond; Lorraine R. Ettaro; Suellen M. Foth; Julia M. Kennon; Kristine R. Hassinger; Elisha T. Matvay; Amanda Parker; Edith Sohna; and Robin M. Wilson made key contributions to this report.
References
Figures
- Contract Obligations by Top 10 Contracting Agencies, in Support of Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria, through December 31, 2017
- Figure 1: Timeline and Category Levels of 2017 Major Hurricanes
- Figure 2: Obligations in the First 90 Days Post Landfall and as of December 31, 2017 for the Top Eight Hurricane Events by Contract Obligations (in constant calendar year 2017 dollars)
- Figure 3: Contract Obligations by Top 10 Contracting Agencies in Support of Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria, through December 31, 2017
- Figure 4: Top 10 Products in Terms of Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria Combined through December 31, 2017, and Proportion of Obligations by Agency
- Figure 5: Top 10 Services in Terms of Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria Combined through December 31, 2017, and Proportion of Obligations by Agency
- Figure 6: Extent of Competition in Support of Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria through December 31, 2017
- Figure 7: Hurricane Harvey Storm Damage
- Figure 8: The Departments of Homeland Security (DHS) and Defense (DOD) Account for the Majority of Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricane Harvey
- Figure 9: Top 5 Products in Terms of Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricane Harvey through December 31, 2017, and Proportion of Obligations by Agency
- Figure 10: Top 5 Services in Terms of Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricane Harvey through December 31, 2017, and Proportion of Obligations by Agency
- Figure 11: Hurricane Irma Storm Damage
- Figure 12: The Departments of Homeland Security (DHS) and Defense (DOD) Account for the Majority of Agency Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricane Irma
- Figure 13: Top 5 Products in Terms of Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricane Irma through December 31, 2017, and Proportion of Obligations by Agency
- Figure 14: Top 5 Services in Terms of Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricane Irma through December 31, 2017, and Proportion of Obligations by Agency
- Figure 15: Hurricane Maria Storm Damage
- Figure 16: The Departments of Homeland Security (DHS) and Defense (DOD) Account for the Majority of Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricane Maria
- Figure 17: Top 5 Products in Terms of Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricane Maria through December 31, 2017, and Proportion of Obligations by Agency
- Figure 18: Top 5 Services in Terms of Contract Obligations in Support of Hurricane Maria through December 31, 2017, and Proportion of Obligations by Agency
Abbreviations
| Acronym | Description |
|---|---|
| The Corps | U.S. Army Corps of Engineers |
| DHS | Department of Homeland Security |
| DOD | Department of Defense |
| FAR | Federal Acquisition Regulation |
| FEMA | Federal Emergency Management Agency |
| FPDS-NG | Federal Procurement Data System-Next Generation |
| PKEMRA | Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006 |
| Stafford Act | Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act |
End Notes
Contacts
Marie A. Mak
Director, Contracting and National Security Acquisitions, makm@gao.gov, (202) 512-4841Congressional Relations
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